What is the function of the glycocalyx in bacteria?

The glycocalyx is a significant structure found in bacteria, composed of polysaccharides and glycoproteins that form a sticky layer on the bacterial surface. Its main functions include protection from desiccation and contributing to the adherence of bacteria to surfaces, including host tissues. This protective layer helps prevent dehydration by retaining moisture and also acts as a shield against various environmental stresses, including phagocytosis from the immune system.

Additionally, the adherence property of the glycocalyx is crucial for the formation of biofilms, which are communities of bacteria that stick to surfaces and are encased in a protective matrix. This makes it an important factor in bacterial colonization and infection.

The other options do not accurately describe the glycocalyx's primary roles. It is not primarily involved in energy provision, motility, or forming genetic material, which are functions attributed to other cellular components and processes within the bacterium.